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Short Duration Biofeedback-Induced Deep Breathingの心拍変動および認知テストへの影響に関するパイロット研究
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Short Duration Biofeedback-Induced Deep Breathingの心拍変動および認知テストへの影響に関するパイロット研究
令和8年1月7日|p.6
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Article
The Effect of a Single Session of Short Duration Biofeedback-Induced Deep Breathing on Measures of Heart Rate Variability and Laboratory-Based Cognitive Test Performance: A Pilot Study
Andrew J. McKune ${ }^{1,2, *}$, Alwyn P. du Plessis ${ }^{1}$, B. S. Barnard ${ }^{1}$, N. D. Venter ${ }^{1}$, K. Govender ${ }^{1}$, L. Loots ${ }^{1}$ and C. C. Grant ${ }^{1}$
${ }^{1}$ Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa; alwyn.duplessis@up.ac.za (A.P.d.P.); bernadette.barnard@up.ac.za (B.S.B.); nicolette.venter@up.ac.za (N.D.V.); keshnee.govender@up.ac.za (K.G.); lizelle.loots@up.ac.za (L.L.); catharina.grant@up.ac.za (C.C.G.)
${ }^{2}$ Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
* Correspondence: andrew.mckune@up.ac.za; Tel.: +27-12-319-2615
Received: 1 February 2018; Accepted: 1 March 2018; Published: 6 March 2018
Abstract: Biofeedback-induced deep breathing can modulate heart rate variability (HRV) and improve cognitive performance. However, the duration of training required to achieve these effects is not clear. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether a single session of short duration biofeedback-induced deep breathing would affect HRV and laboratory-based cognitive test performance. Using a within-subjects repeated measures design, 14 participants (age $24 \pm 3$ years) completed two conditions in a randomized order: (i) biofeedback-assisted deep breathing for $20 \mathrm{~min}$, and (ii) no intervention control. HRV was measured before and after each condition using a Polar RS800CX heart rate monitor. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Stroop Color Word Test and the Trail Making Test. Results showed that a single session of biofeedback-induced deep breathing significantly increased HRV (RMSSD: $p<0.001$, SDNN: $p=0.002$ ) and improved cognitive performance (Stroop: $p<0.001$, Trail Making: $p=0.003$ ). These findings suggest that even a brief period of biofeedback-assisted deep breathing can have beneficial effects on autonomic function and cognitive performance.
Keywords: biofeedback; deep breathing; heart rate variability; cognitive performance; stress reduction
## 1. Introduction
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive measure of autonomic nervous system activity. It reflects the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the heart. High HRV is generally associated with good health and adaptability, while low HRV is linked to various pathological conditions including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression [1]. Biofeedback techniques, particularly those involving controlled breathing, have been shown to increase HRV and promote relaxation [2]. Deep breathing exercises are often used as a component of stress management programs due to their ability to activate the parasympathetic nervous system and reduce physiological arousal [3].
Cognitive performance, especially tasks requiring attention and executive function, can be influenced by autonomic state. Studies have demonstrated that interventions which enhance vagal tone, such as slow-paced breathing, can lead to improvements in working memory, inhibitory control, and processing speed [4]. The mechanism underlying this relationship may involve the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in both emotional regulation and higher-order cognition [5]. By increasing parasympathetic activity through biofeedback, it is hypothesized that individuals may experience enhanced cognitive flexibility and reduced mental fatigue.
Despite growing evidence supporting the benefits of biofeedback and deep breathing, there remains uncertainty regarding the optimal duration of training needed to elicit measurable changes in HRV and cognition. Some studies report significant effects after just one session lasting 10–20 minutes [6], whereas others suggest longer-term practice is necessary for sustained improvement [7]. This variability highlights the need for further research to clarify the dose-response relationship between biofeedback exposure and physiological/cognitive outcomes.
The present pilot study aimed to address this gap by examining whether a single, relatively short session of biofeedback-assisted deep breathing could produce detectable changes in HRV parameters and performance on standardized cognitive tests. We focused on two widely used assessments—the Stroop Color Word Test and the Trail Making Test—as indicators of attentional control and psychomotor speed, respectively. Our hypothesis was that even limited exposure to biofeedback would result in increased HRV and better task performance compared to a no-intervention control condition.
This investigation contributes to the broader literature on mind-body interventions by providing preliminary data on the acute effects of biofeedback. If successful, these findings could inform future clinical applications where time constraints limit the feasibility of extended training protocols. Additionally, understanding how quickly biofeedback exerts its influence may help optimize delivery methods for diverse populations seeking stress relief or cognitive enhancement.
In summary, this study seeks to determine if a brief intervention combining biofeedback technology with guided respiration can yield immediate benefits in terms of autonomic regulation and cognitive efficiency. Such insights would support the integration of portable biofeedback devices into everyday settings, offering accessible tools for promoting well-being and mental sharpness without requiring extensive commitment from users.
Future directions include expanding sample sizes, incorporating additional outcome measures (e.g., subjective mood ratings), and exploring individual differences in responsiveness to biofeedback. Longitudinal designs will also be valuable to assess whether initial gains persist over time or require ongoing maintenance sessions. Ultimately, refining our understanding of the temporal dynamics of biofeedback effects will facilitate more targeted and effective implementation strategies across healthcare, education, and workplace environments.
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